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Rice Sheath Blight Management and Control


In this section we summarize all the available methods that are used to manage Rice Sheath Blight (SB) disease. We believe that this piece of information will be of greater benefit to front line workers like farmers who are directly involved in handling and managing rice SB disease.

  1. CHEMICAL CONTROL
    Chemical method is one of the most popular methods used for controlling rice SB disease[1]. This method is easy-to-handle and adopted widely due to its higher efficacy[2]. However, chemical fungicides although effective do come with health concerns and overdose may potentially harm the plant itself [3]. Continuous use of it always comes with the risk of development of resistance in the pathogen. Presently, cultural practices amalgated with with foliar spray of fungicide is the most common practice to manage the disease[4].
    Common fungicides used against rice SB are Azoxystrobin, Validamycin, Trifloxystrobin, Propiconazole, Carbendazim, Hexaconazole, Flusilazole either single or in combinations [5],[6],[4],[7],[8],[9],[10]. However, Azoxystrobin which inhibits pathogen electron transport system showed best results against SB with 70-71% effectiveness in disease reduction[11]. A few commonly used fungicides that can be used to manage Sheath Blight are listed in Table 1.


    Sl.No Fungicide Name Recommended dose Disease severity Reference
    Amistar25SC [Azoxystrobin 25% SC] 1.0 mL/L 30.60% Shamim et al. 2016
    Validamycin 2.5 mL/L 21.47% Shamim et al. 2016
    Singh et al. 2011
    Azoxystrobin 25 SC 1.0 ml/L 16.40% Bag et al. 2016
    Trifloxystrobin 25%+tebuconazole 50% 75 WG 0.4 g/L 52.60% Bag et al. 2016
    Metaminostrobin 20 SC 2.0 mL/L 30.10% Bag et al. 2011


  2. BIOCONTROL AGENTS
    Biological control is recognized as a promising alternative to chemical methods. There are certain organisms which have a negative effect with another organism when grown together (antagonism). This is a natural phenomenon and is a better alternative to fungicides [12]. A few microbes that are used to control rice SB diseases are as follows:

    1. BACTERIA
      Bacilus stubilis: Species of Bacillus are antagonistic to Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) and are highly effective against rice SB disease [13]. B. stubilis inhibit growth of the pathogen by competition for space and nutrients, inhibiting pathogen enzymes or toxins. Bacilus stubilis strain MBI 600 sufficiently suppressed rice SB disease and caused only 22.9% disease severity to the plants [14].

      Pseudomonas fluorescens: Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 7-14 was proven to reduce SB disease by 85%[15].

      Pseudomonas putidia: Pseudomonas putidia V14-i which produces chitin was found to suppress rice SB disease by 68%[16].

      Marine associated pseudomonads: Pseudomonad strains AMET1102, AMET1104, AMET1133, AMET1133 and AMET1140 collected from costal sand dunes was found to be effective against rice SB disease with Pseudomonas sp. AMET1140 leading to 31.9% disease reduction[17].

      Streptomyces: Streptomyces sp. PM5 is known to produce anifungal aliphatic compound SPM5C-1 which reduced SB disease by 82.3% at a concentration of 500μg/ml [18].

    2. FUNGI
      Trichoderma: Trichoderma species hyphae coil around and puncture hyphae of R. solani making it vaculated and disintegrate[19]. A concentration of 4/8 gram per litre of concentration of Thrichoderma harzianum lead to 70% reduction in disease severity and increased yield by 27.3%[20]. Also, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma viride combined with Pseudomonas fluorescens can lead to 45.70% and 47.30% reduction in SB disease severity, respectively[21].
      Fungal and bacterial bioagent consortium Seedling root dip treatment and foliar spray with T. harzianum + P. fluorescens consortium formulation [22].

  3. BEST AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
    Firstly, regular monitoring, early detection of inoculum and removal of weed are there three key points require to effectively combat rice SB disease[1]. Secondly, rice with short height and more tillers supplied with nitrogen fertilizers favors development of a microclimate suitable for growth of the R. solani should be avoided [23]. Thirdly, as the disease spreads through sclerotia so it is of outmost important to ensure debris clearance and post-harvest drying[24]. Preparation of the soil as in with slightly acidic (pH 5.0) and boron enriched soil was found to be suitable for bacterial treatments to reduce SB disease[25]. Crop rotation, soil solaraization, summer deep plouging, use of high doses of farm yard manure to promote growth of antagonistic and beneficial microbes. Botanicals: Spraying of commercial plant derived Cymbopogon products @ 5ml/lit and neem-based fungicide @ 3 ml/lit is recommended for management of sheath blight disease of rice. The first spraying should be given as soon as symptom of the disease is observed in the field followed by second spraying at 10-12 days interval. [Organic package of practices for selected crops of Assam 2019, Published by Assam Agricultural University & Department of Agriculture, Assam]

  4. REMOTE SENSING
    Modern technologies like Unnamed Aerial Systems (Drones) have been recently found to be useful in SB disease management. Such systems can immediately alert the farmers about the occurrence of a disease, help in application of site-specific fungicide and monitor real time soil quality. Drone equipped with multi-spectral camera was found to be efficient in detecting colour change in filed plots occurred due to SB disease [25].

    Different management strategies to control rice Sheath Blight disease

    Figure 1: Different management strategies to control rice Sheath Blight disease


References:

  1. Singh, P., Mazumdar, P., Harikrishna, J. A., & Babu, S. (2019). Sheath blight of rice: a review and identification of priorities for future research. Planta, 250(5), 1387-1407.
  2. Uppala, S., & Zhou, X. G. (2018). Rice sheath blight. Plant Health Instr.
  3. Jallow, M. F., Awadh, D. G., Albaho, M. S., Devi, V. Y., & Thomas, B. M. (2017). Pesticide knowledge and safety practices among farm workers in Kuwait: Results of a survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(4), 340.
  4. Bag, M. K., Yadav, M., & Mukherjee, A. K. (2016). Bioefficacy of strobilurin based fungicides against rice sheath blight disease. Transcriptomics, 4(128), 2.
  5. Shamim, M. D., Sharma, D., Bisht, D., Hussain, R., Khan, N. A., Pandey, P., ... & Singh, K. N. (2017). Molecular Tools for Controlling of Sheath Blight Disease of Rice and its Management. In Biotic Stress Management in Rice (pp. 109-148). Apple Academic Press.
  6. Singh, R., & SINGH, B. P. (2011). Efficacy of Validamycin at different crop stages against sheath blight of rice. Indian Phytopathology.
  7. Bag, M. K. (2011). Performance of a new generation fungicide Metominostrobin 20SC against Sheath Blight disease of rice in West Bengal. Journal of Mycopathological Research, 49(1), 167-169.
  8. Prasad, D., Singh, R., & Singh, A. (2010). Management of sheath blight of rice with integrated nutrients. Indian Phytopathology, 63(1), 11.
  9. Bag, M. K., Yadav, M., & Mukherjee, A. K. (2016). Bioefficacy of strobilurin based fungicides against rice sheath blight disease. Transcriptomics, 4(128), 2.
  10. Yellareddygari, S. K. R., Reddy, M. S., Kloepper, J. W., Lawrence, K. S., & Fadamiro, H. (2014). Rice sheath blight: a review of disease and pathogen management approaches. Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, 5(4), 1.
  11. Uppala, S., & Zhou, X. G. (2018). Field efficacy of fungicides for management of sheath blight and narrow brown leaf spot of rice. Crop Protection, 104, 72-77.
  12. Iftikhar, Y., Sajid, A., Shakeel, Q., Ahmad, Z., & Haq, Z. U. (2020). Biological antagonism: a safe and sustainable way to manage plant diseases. In Plant Disease Management Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture through Traditional and Modern Approaches (pp. 83-109). Springer, Cham.
  13. Luo, J. Y., Xie, G. L., Li, B., Luo, Y. C., Zhao, L. H., Wang, X., ... & Li, W. (2005). Gram-positive bacteria associated with rice in China and their antagonists against the pathogens of sheath blight and bakanae disease in rice. Rice Sci, 12(3), 213-218.
  14. Lu, M. M., Li, S., Yang, H., & Morrisey, E. E. (2002). Foxp4: a novel member of the Foxp subfamily of winged-helix genes co-expressed with Foxp1 and Foxp2 in pulmonary and gut tissues. Mechanisms of development, 119, S197-S202.
  15. Gnanamanickam, S. S., Valasubramanian, R., Chatterjee, A., Chatterjee, A. K., & Mew, T. W. (1994). Antibiotic production mediates the biological control of rice blast by Pseudomonas fluorescens.
  16. Thara, K. V., & Gnanamanickam, S. S. (1994). Biological control of rice sheath blight in India: Lack of correlation between chitinase production by bacterial antagonists and sheath blight suppression. Plant and Soil, 160(2), 277-280.
  17. Jayaprakashvel, M., Sharmika, N., Vinothini, S., Venkatramani, M., Muthezhilan, R., & Hussain, A. J. (2014). Biological control of sheath blight of rice using marine associated fluorescent pseudomonads. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia, 11, 115-121.
  18. Prabavathy, V. R., Mathivanan, N., & Murugesan, K. (2006). Control of blast and sheath blight diseases of rice using antifungal metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. PM5. Biological Control, 39(3), 313-319.
  19. Gnanamanickam, S. S. (2009). Biological Control of Sheath Blight (ShB) of Rice. In Biological Control of Rice Diseases (pp. 79-89). Springer, Dordrecht.
  20. KHAN, A. A., & Sinha, A. P. (2011). Biocontrol potential of Trichoderma species against sheath blight of rice. Indian Phytopathology.
  21. Mathivanan, N., Prabavathy, V. R., & Vijayanandraj, V. R. (2005). Application of talc formulations of Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex SF Gray decrease the sheath blight disease and enhance the plant growth and yield in rice. Journal of Phytopathology, 153 (11-12), 697-701.
  22. 22. Vivek, S., Ravinder, K., Gopal, S., & Prasad, C. S. (2010). Management of sheath blight of rice with integration of Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 18(1), 156-158.
  23. Tang, Q., Peng, S., Buresh, R. J., Zou, Y., Castilla, N. P., Mew, T. W., & Zhong, X. (2007). Rice varietal difference in sheath blight development and its association with yield loss at different levels of N fertilization. Field Crops Research, 102(3), 219-227.
  24. Ritchie, F., Bain, R. A., & McQuilken, M. P. (2009). Effects of nutrient status, temperature and pH on mycelial growth, sclerotial production and germination of Rhizoctonia solani from potato. Journal of Plant Pathology, 589-596.
  25. Gnanamanickam, S. S., Candole, B. L., & Mew, T. W. (1992). Influence of soil factors and cultural practice on biological control of sheath blight of rice with antagonistic bacteria. Plant and Soil, 144(1), 67-75.
  26. Singh, P., Mazumdar, P., Harikrishna, J. A., & Babu, S. (2019). Sheath blight of rice: a review and identification of priorities for future research. Planta, 250(5), 1387-1407.
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