The integration of biomolecules with electronic elements to yield functional devices attracts substantial research efforts because of the basic fundamental scientific questions and the potential practical applications of the systems. The research field gained the buzzword "bioelectronics" aimed at highlighting that the world of electronics could be cross fertilized with biology and biotechnology. The major activities in the field of bioelectronics relate to the development of biosensors that transduce biorecognition or biocatalytic processes in the form of electronic signals. Neuroengineering, or more precisely Bio-neuroengineering which is inseparable part of Bioelectronics, is an interdisciplinary area, with the common goal of analyzing the function of the nervous system, developing methods to restore damaged neurological function & creating artificial neuronal systems by integrating physical, chemical, mathematical & engineering tools. The development of artificial circuit models that simulate the behavior of biological neuron is one of today's most promising directions of investigation in the field of neurobio and neuromorphic engineering.

Modules

Topic

Learning Objectives

1

Introduction

Biology of the neuron, Biophysical description of the action potential, Synapses

2

Membrane

Membrane transport, Membrane capacitance

3

Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) Model

H-H model of membrane, Membrane currents, Cable equation

4

Myelinated Nerve

Electric circuit model of myelinated nerve

5

Neural modeling

Linear dendritic model, Varicosities & impulse conduction, Information processing in dendrites

6

Silicon model of neuron

H-H model, synapse model, simple neuron logic gates.

7

Neuronal networks

Neuronal networks, Neural coding

Basic understanding of Biology, Physiology of human body and basic knowledge of electronics is desired but not essential.

Topics

1

Introduction

2-3

Biology of the neuron

4-5

Biophysical description of the action potential

6-8

Synapses: Chemical Synapse, Electrical circuit model of synapse

9

Membrane transport

10

Membrane capacitance

11-12

Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) Model of membrane

13-14

Membrane currents

15-16

Cable equation

17

Myelinated Nerve

18-19

Electric circuit model of myelinated nerve

20-21

Neural modeling: Linear dendritic model

22-23

Varicosities & impulse conduction

24-25

 Information processing in dendrites

26-27

Silicon model of neuron: H-H model

28-29

Synapse model, simple neuron logic gates

30-31

Neuronal networks

32-33

Neural coding

- Class Room Lectures

- Presentations
- Seminars
- Assignments
- Group assignments

After completing the course BE 522, student is expected to have the basic knowledge of the Bio-neuro-engineering and students are expected to work in the field of Bio-neuro engineering as project work or as per their interest.

1. Grattarola, M. Massobrio, G. Bioelectronics Handbook, MOSFETs, Biosensors & Neurons; (McGraw Hill)
2. Nicholls, J. C. Martin, A R Wallace, B. G. From Neuron to Brain (Sinauer Associates)
3. Mead, C. Analog VLSI and Neural Systems (Addison Wesley)
4. Metin, A. Neural Engineering (Wiley/IEEE Press, (Vol 1-6))

Biomedical Image enhancement: To understand the concepts of image enhancement in spatial domain which includes several gray level transformations like image negatives, log transformations etc. To introduce the concepts related to histogram processing, use of arithmetic/logical operations and use of first and second derivatives for image enhancement. 

Biomedical Image restoration: To understand the concepts related to image degradation/restoration process using spatial filters like Inverse filter and Wiener filters.

Image Transforms: To understand the concepts of unitary transforms and its properties, discrete Fourier transform, discrete cosine transform etc. 

Biomedical Image Compression: To understand the concepts of basic image compression, different challenges in biomedical image compression, some popular lossless and lossy compression techniques. 

Prerequisites of the course: Some understanding of Signals and Systems and Linear algebra will be required.

1. Introduction to Digital images and Biomedical image processing technology: 3Hrs.
2. Different problems in Bio-medical image processing: 1 Hr.
3. Enhancement in spatial domain-Basic Grey level transformation like image negative etc., Histogram processing with examples :3 Hrs.
4. Image Enhancement using Arithmetic / Logical operations, Order statistics filters with examples: 3 Hrs.
5. Sharpening spatial filters, use of first and second derivatives for enhancement with examples: 2 Hrs.
6. Image Degradation/ Restoration process using Spatial filters : 2 Hrs.
7. Introduction to Image transforms-2D orthogonal and unitary transfrms: 2 Hrs.
8. Properties of unitary transforms: 2hrs.
9. 1-D and 2-D DFT with example: 2 Hrs.
10. 1-Dand 2-D DCT with examples: 2 Hrs.
11. DST and WHT with examples : 2 Hrs.
12. Image Compression- Redundancies and introduction to information theory, entropy with examples : 3 Hrs.
13. Huffman coding and arithmetic coding with examples: 3 Hrs.
14. Dictionary based Coding techniques LZ77 and LZ78 algorithms, LZW algorithms.: 4 Hrs.
15. Lossless and lossy predictive coding with examples: 3 Hrs.
16. Introduction to transform coding: 1Hr.
17. JPEG baseline coding standard: 2 Hrs.

- Class Room Lectures

- Presentations
- Seminars
- Assignments
- Group assignments

Students passing this course will be proficient with the knowledge of basic concepts of Biomedical imaging technology, enhancement, restoration and compression techniques. They will also have a basic knowledge of Image transforms, orthogonal transforms and its properties.

1. J.D. Bronzion, "Biomedical Engineering Handbook", CRC press.
2. A. K. Jain, "Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing", PHI
3. Gonzalez and Woods, "Digital Image Processing", Pearson Education.
4. Khalid Sayood, "Introduction to Data Compression", Morgan Kaufmann
 

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS), an advanced product and equipment design concept, has already emerged in order to cater to the development of miniaturized products. It has become the preferred scenario for the next generation sophisticated products and equipment which are to be used to meet the aspectations of micro technology. Microdevices used for analysis and detection of biomedical and industrial reagents are under the scope of BioMEMS and finds applications in genetic screening, antibody gene expression in transgenic cells, bio-warefare agents detection etc. Another aspect of this subject is the well known technology called nanotechnology and confines to the concepts of nanosensors, nanoarrays and nanodevices. BE 508 is a broad course to provide the students detail information as far as proof of principle, concepts, design, development and applications of MEMS, BioMEMS and Nanotechnology.

Modules

Topic

Learning Objectives

1

MEMS
 

Origin of MEMS, Microfabrication and Micromachining, Market growth of MEMS technology, Microsensors and Microactuators, Transduction Principles in MEMS System on a Chip

2

BioMEMS

Bio, Chemo, Micro Fluidic MEMS, Chem-Lab on a Chip, DNA Sensors

3

Nanotechnology

Introduction to Nanotechnology, Nanotechnology Materials Carbon Nanotube (CNT), Applications of CNT

4

MEMS in Assistive

E-Nose, E-Tounge, Artificial Auditory Chips, Artificial Vision Chips, Artificial Audio/ Visual Integrated Systems based on Brain Information Processing.

Basic understanding of
1 . Elecments of Modern Biology (BT 101 of Tezpur University)
2 . Electronics of 1st Year B.E. Course (EL 221 of Tezpur University)
3 . Engineering Mechanics [Force Systems, Kinematics and Dynamics] (ME 102 of Tezpur University
 

Topics

1

 Introduction to MEMS

2,3

MEMS Sensor, MEMS Actuators

4,5

MEMS Sensing Principles

6,7

MEMS Actuation Principles

8

Intelligent sensors using MEMS

9,10

Micro pump

11

Micro cantilever beam

12

DNA Biosensors

13,14

Lab-on-a chip

15

Nanosensors

16,17

Nanodevices

18,19

E-Nose

20

E-tongue

21

Artificial Auditory Chips

22

Artificial Vision Chips

23,24

Artificial audio/ visual integrated systems based on braininformation processing

25

 An advanced Application of Modern Technology: da-Vinci System

- Class Room Lectures

- Presentations
- Seminars
- Assignments
- Group assignments

After completing the course BE 508, student is expected to have the basic knowledge of the advanced product and equipment design concept, design, development and applications of MEMS, BioMEMS and Nanotechnology.

N. P. Mahalik. MEMS. Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.

BE510 is a course into the field of control system engineering applied to bioelectronic system. It covers basic control system engineering theory , neural network and fuzzy logic control and application of this theory to bioelectronic system.

1. To give an introduction to basic control system engineering principles.
2. To give an introduction to fuzzy logic control theory.
3. To give an introduction to application of control system theory to bio-electronic system.

Some understanding of mathematical modelling

Topics

1

To give an introduction to the subject

2-4

Control system types and representation

5-7

Mathematics of Control system theory ( system model, Laplace transform, Transfer function etc. )

8-12

Analysis of Control system (Dynamic Response, Error and stability of control system )

13-14

Design and simulation of controllers

15-16

Bode design and Nonlinear control System

17-26

Fuzzy control theory and systems

27-30

Neural networks and bioelectronic control systems

31-32

Bioelectronic systems

33-37

Some examples of Control theory applied to bioelectronic system modeling and analysis

- Class Room Lectures

- Presentations
- Seminars
- Assignments
- Group assignments

Towards the end of the course the student would be able to design, model and analyse control system in bioelectronic system.

1. Biosensors and Environmental Monitoring; Author: U Bilitewski,A Turner; Publisher: Taylor and Francis.
2. Introduction to Bioanalytical Sensors; Author: A J Cunningham, Publisher: Wiley Interscience.
3. Automatic Control System; Author: B.C. Kuo; Publisher: TMH
4. Introduction To Modern Control Systems; Author: K. Ogata; Publisher: PHI.
5. BioPhysics; Author: R Glaser; Publisher: Springr.
6. Bioelectronic Measurements, Author: Michaels, Dean A, Demarre, Publisher: Prentice Hall.
7. Physiological Control Systems: Analysis, Simulation, and Estimation, Author: Michael C. K. Khoo, Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
 

Metal - Oxide - Semiconductor (MOS):MOS Structure, Modes of operation, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field effect Transistor (MOSFET).

Electrolyte - Insulator - Semiconductor (EIS): EIS Structure, Site binding Theory, Electrical double layer theory.

MOSFET Based Bioelectronic devices: Biosensor overview, Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET), Enzyme Field Effect Transistor (ENFET), Chemical Field Effect Transistor (CHEMFET), Reference Field Effect Transistor (REFET), Immune Field Effect Transistor (IMFET), Organic Thin Film Transistor (TFT), Cell-Based Biosensors & Sensors of Cell Metabolism, Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensors (LAPS); Interfacing of Biological Systems with electronic systems, non-conventional bioelectronic devices, conducting polymer based ISFET.

Modeling & Simulation: SPICE and Electrochemical models of ISFET & CHEMFET.
 

Topics

1-5

Unit 1: Metal - Oxide - Semiconductor (MOS): MOS Structure, Modes of operation, Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field effect Transistor (MOSFET).

6-8

Unit 2: Electrolyte -Insulator - Semiconductor (EIS): EIS Structure, Site binding Theory, Electrical double layer theory.

9-25

Unit 3: MOSFET Based Bioelectronic devices Biosensor overview, Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET), Enzyme Field Effect Transistor (ENFET), Chemical Field Effect Transistor (CHEMFET), Reference Field Effect Transistor (REFET), Immune Field Effect Transistor (IMFET), Organic Thin Film Transistor (TFT), Cell-Based Biosensors & Sensors of Cell Metabolism, Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensors (LAPS); Interfacing of Biological Systems with electronic systems, non-conventional bioelectronic devices, conducting polymer based ISFET.

26-30

Unit 4: Modeling & Simulation SPICE and Electrochemical models of ISFET & CHEMFET.

- Class Room Lectures

- Presentations
- Seminars
- Assignments
- Group assignments

1. Bioelectronics Handbook, MOSFETs, Biosensors,& Neurons, Author: Massimo Grattarola, Giuseppe Massobrio, Publisher: McGraw Hill.
2. Advanced Semiconductor and Organic Nanotechnology; Author: H. Markov , Publisher: Academic Press
3. Biomaterial Science , Author: Ruddy Ratner, Publisher: Academic Press.
4. Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Author: J.D. Bronzion, Publisher: CRC press.
5. Commercial Biosensors: Applications to Clinical,Bioprocess and Environmental Samples, Author: G. Ramsa, Publisher: Wiley-Interscience.
6. Introduction to bioanalytical sensors , Author: A.J.Cunningham, Publisher: Wiley Interscience.
7. Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring, Author: U.Bilitewski,A.Turner; Publisher: Taylor Francis.
8. Biochip Technology; Author: J Cheng,L Kricka; Publisher: Taylor and Francis.
9. BioPhysics; Author: R Glaser; Publisher: Springr